Let's study for future 😊
Cardiovascular System
1) The mitral (bicuspid) valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It prevents the backflow of blood into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
2) The sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, generates electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat and acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
Respiratory System
1) The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. It contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume, drawing air into the lungs.
2) Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin, facilitating oxygen transport from lungs to tissues.
Nervous System
1) The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, is responsible for balance, coordination, and fine motor control.
2)Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions, triggering muscle contractions.
Digestive System
1) Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, specifically the jejunum and ileum, which contain villi and microvilli to increase surface area.
2) Pepsin is an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach and is activated from pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Endocrine System
1) The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it regulates the function of other endocrine glands through hormones like TSH and ACTH.
2) Beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels by promoting cellular glucose uptake.
Renal System
1)The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
2)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, concentrating the urine.
Reproductive System
1) Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
2) A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) around day 14 of the menstrual cycle triggers ovulation.
Musculoskeletal System
1) The stapes, located in the middle ear, is the smallest bone in the human body, measuring approximately 2.8 mm.
2) Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles under conscious control and enable body movement.
Blood & Immunology
1) Eosinophils are white blood cells that play a role in allergic responses and defense against parasites.
2) Blood group O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma but lacks A and B antigens on red blood cells.
Special Senses
1) The retina contains photoreceptors called rods and cones. Rods function in low light, while cones detect color and function in bright light.
2) The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, helping to equalize pressure.
Gangrene (General Pathology)
1) Dry gangrene commonly affects the limbs due to poor arterial blood supply, often caused by atherosclerosis.
2) Arterial blockage leads to dry gangrene, characterized by tissue death and mummification without infection.
3) Meleney’s gangrene is a rare synergistic infection involving Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic streptococci, typically post-surgical.
4) Buerger’s disease is an inflammatory condition of small and medium arteries and veins, leading to dry gangrene in extremities.
5) Fournier’s gangrene is a necrotizing fasciitis affecting the genital and perineal areas, rapidly progressing and life-threatening.
Post a Comment